Concept
Naarmate de technologie vordert, bieden satellieten steeds vaker een betrouwbare bron van ruimtelijk gedistribueerde informatie over verschillende omgevingsvariabelen. Door gebruik te maken van de reflecterende eigenschappen van het aardoppervlak en de atmosfeer, is het onder andere mogelijk om vegetatieve bedekking, regenval, sneeuwbedekking, landoppervlakte temperatuur en daadwerkelijke verdamping door de tijd te volgen. Sensoren zoals Landsat ETM, MODIS, PROBA-V en Sentinel bieden een scala aan opties op verschillende ruimtelijke en temporele schalen. FutureWater maakt gebruik van open-access datasets in het dagelijkse consultancywerk, voor operationele beslissingsondersteunende systemen en voor het voeden, kalibreren en valideren van hydrologische modellen.
Satellieten bieden nu een beeldarchief dat zich over meerdere decennia uitstrekt. Deze historische gegevens stellen ons in staat trends en ruimtelijke patronen te identificeren in verschillende factoren die verband houden met het beheer van watervoorraden, zoals watervoorziening, waterverbruik en gewasgroei. Veranderingen in landbedekking, zoals ontbossing en landbouwuitbreiding, kunnen in kaart worden gebracht en gekwantificeerd in de beoordeling van ecosysteemdiensten en bodemdegradatie. Door gebruik te maken van de modernste tools zoals de Google Earth Engine, analyseren we deze trends en patronen om beleidsmakers te ondersteunen bij het identificeren van passende maatregelen op verschillende locaties in hun interessegebied. Bovendien beschouwt FutureWater van satellieten afgeleide datasets als essentieel voor het maximaliseren van de kwaliteit van de output van simulatiemodellen ter ondersteuning van besluitvormers, met name in gebieden met weinig beschikbare meetgegevens.
Hoewel satellieten alleen informatie kunnen geven over de situatie in het verleden, biedt een slimme combinatie van teledetectie en simulatiemodellering een geïntegreerde kijk op de historische, huidige en toekomstige beschikbaarheid van water. Regeringen, stroomgebiedsautoriteiten, boeren en waterkrachtbedrijven zijn geïnteresseerd in het anticiperen op toekomstige gebeurtenissen door tijdige en gerichte maatregelen te nemen. Door hydrologische modellen te voeden met de meest recente satellietbeelden in een operationele context, kunnen op korte termijn prognoses worden opgesteld op basis van de huidige huidige omstandigheden. Een aantal satellieten komt vrij vaak voorbij, waardoor hun gegevens vooral nuttig zijn voor operationele beslissingsondersteunende systemen. We verzamelen deze gegevens zodra ze beschikbaar zijn, verwerken ze met behulp van onze modellen en verspreiden de resulterende informatie naar de eindgebruiker van het systeem. Up-to-date satellietbeelden geven inzicht in de feitelijke omstandigheden met betrekking tot watervoorraden en vegetatie, zonder het veld te hoeven bezoeken.
FutureWater-toepassingen
Bij de meeste van onze projecten maakt FutureWater gebruik van satellietteledetectie voor een of meer van de hierboven beschreven doeleinden. Enkele voorbeelden worden hieronder gegeven.
FutureWater heeft de toolkit voor droogtecontrole en effectbeoordeling (DMIAT) ontwikkeld om droogtegevoelige gebieden te karakteriseren in termen van droogtegevaar, kwetsbaarheid en risico, en om de effecten van een specifieke droogtegebeurtenis te evalueren. Bovenstaande afbeelding toont de geïntegreerde droogtegevaarindex voor twee provincies in Cambodja en twee in Thailand; het resultaat van een uitgebreide op satellietgegevens gebaseerde analyse met statistieken van ruimtelijke regenval, vegetatiebedekking en landoppervlaktemperatuur. Meer informatie over het project vind je hier.
FutureWater maakt gebruik van satellietdata bij de beoordeling van ecosysteemdiensten, met name diegene met betrekking tot water (zie het witboek over dit onderwerp onder leiding van FutureWater). Satellietgegevens kunnen worden geïntegreerd met simulatiemodellen om ecosysteemdiensten te kwantificeren, zoals de bijdrage van water tijdens het droge seizoen. Bovenstaande kaart toont het stroomgebied van het Inle-meer in Myanmar, een gebied waar de watervoorziening in het droge seizoen van groot belang is om het peil van het meer te kunnen handhaven, water te leveren voor binnenlandse- en landbouwconsumptie en de productie van waterkracht te ondersteunen. Door verschillende bronnen van satellietgegevens en het InVEST-ecosysteemdienstenmodel te integreren, bracht FutureWater de ecosysteemdiensten in het Inle-meergebied in kaart ter ondersteuning van de besluitvorming over natuurbeschermingsbeleid door een nieuw opgerichte stroomgebiedsbeheerautoriteit. Meer informatie over het project vind je hier.
Het combineren van satellietgegevens met simulatiemodellen kan ook strategieën voor duurzaam landbeheer (SLM) ondersteunen. In gebieden met nauwelijks beschikbare veldgegevens zijn satellieten vaak de enige beschikbare bron die up-to-date, ruimtelijk opgesplitste gegevens levert. Bovenstaande kaart aan de linkerkant toont de jaarlijkse gemiddelde erosiegraad voor het Bealanana-stroomgebied in Madagaskar, berekend met het SPHY-model. Het hoge niveau van ruimtelijke details van deze kaart wordt mogelijk gemaakt door de integratie van satellietgerelateerde datasets over vegetatiedynamiek, landbedekking en het terrein. Met een betrouwbaar simulatiemodel, onder meer gevalideerd door satellietafgeleide veradampingsgegevens, is het mogelijk om verschillende SLM-scenario’s uit te voeren en de impact op erosie en sedimentie te bepalen van b.v. maatregelen zoals herbebossing, bosbouw en het aanleggen van terrassen. Meer informatie over het project vind je hier.
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Climate Resilient Water Supply System for Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan is upgrading and further developing its domestic water supply system in the western part of the country (Republic of Karakalpakstan). Tthe water supply system must be full climate proof in design and operations. The Green Climate Fund (through the Asian Development Bank) will be asked to finance the climate...
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Leapfrogging Delta Management: Showcase operational rainfall monitoring
Significant decisions are to be made to manage and engineer the water systems in Myanmar and to develop large structural and non-structural projects (e.g. hydropower dams, urban water use, industrial development, extension of irrigation capacity, operational quantity and quality management, etc.). The Myanmar and Dutch governments have agreed to cooperate...
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DAISY2: Daring Applications and Innovations in Sensor sYstems
DAISY2 builds on the success of the DAISY project in which a compact and mobile sensor system was developed aimed at different socio-economic applications like e.g. security, life-sciences, transport, logistics, and agro-food. Within DAISY2 we aim to further develop this sensor system and explore the viability of this products for...
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CoMET: Slimme modelkoppeling voor betere actuele verdampingsschatting
Momenteel worden via het SAT-WATER initiatief verdampingsdata aangekocht die gebaseerd is op optische en thermische satellietbeelden. Zulke beelden zijn op bewolkte dagen echter niet beschikbaar, waardoor de berekening van de actuele verdamping niet optimaal uitgevoerd kan worden. Dit is een serieus obstakel voor het gebruik van satellietgebaseerde verdampingsdata voor het...
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Hydropower Development Assessment for the Tamakoshi River Basin
The overall objective of this project is to improve the understanding of the expected impacts of climate change on water availability in the context of potential hydropower development in the Tamakoshi River Basin. Specifically, the project aims to (i) Understand the current baseline hydrological regime of the Tamakoshi River Basin,...
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IMPREX: IMproving PRedictions and management of hydrological EXtremes
FutureWater leads the coordination of the “Agriculture and Drought” sectoral Work Package of IMPREX. This WP specifically aims to study and evaluate the use of IMPREX weather forecasts and predictions, climate variability, and drought indicators to assess agricultural drought risk and impacts over four case studies and at the pan-European...
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Economic assessment of management alternatives in the protected areas of LAG Campoder
This project aims to advertise about the environmental assets found in the LAG Campoder at the Murcia Region (SE Spain), and to quantify using social and economic techniques the degree in which these assets are perceived by local population. FutureWater is responsible for the characterization and description of three representative...
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Review Climate Change Hindu-Kush-Himalaya
FutureWater provided a comprehensive review study on climate change and the impacts on cryosphere, hydrological regimes and glacier lakes in the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra river basins. This review study was done in the context of future hydropower development in the region.
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Demonstration of Remote Sensing Information for Integrated Reservoir Management in the Red River Basin in Northern Vietnam
In 2011 the Vietnamese and Dutch government signed a Memorandum of Understanding on the establishment of a Government to Government (G2G) program for improved integrated planning and monitoring of water resources for transboundary water management and disaster risk management. This project was formulated as part of the G2G trajectory towards...
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HI-AWARE: Himalayan Adaptation, Water and Resilience
HI-AWARE aims to contribute to enhanced adaptive capacities and climate resilience of the poor and vulnerable women, men, and children living in the mountains and flood plains of the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra river basins. Research, including modeling, scoping studies, action research, and randomized control trials, is conducted at 12...
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Central Asia Regional Risk Assessment for Water Related Energy Sector Impacts
The objective of this study was to support the “Central Asia Regional Energy Sector Vulnerability Study” led by Industrial Economics (IEc) and funded by the World Bank, by carrying out an expanded risk assessment for water availability and water related energy sector impacts in Central Asia. The work built on...
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OWASIS-UK: Observatory of Water Availability – System of Integrated Services
The main objective of this study is to explore the potential to combine optical and gravity data from Earth Observation with meteorological data, together with innovative in situ sensors, hydrological modelling and crowd sourcing technologies, and the advanced visualization of the information through situation awareness platforms and decision support tools,...
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Gridded Meteorological Datasets and Hydrological Modelling in the Upper Indus Basin
Understanding of the hydrological regimes in the mountainous Upper Indus basin (UIB) is essential for water resources management in the region. High-resolution gridded meteorological datasets, which capture the spatial variability of precipitation, are critical for modelling the hydrology of high-mountain regions. Improvements to existing gridded datasets using high-elevation station data...
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Online field-scale irrigation management for Romania
In this project a field-scale irrigation planning and management system was setup and tested. The basis for this system is formed by online in-situ ground data on soil moisture content and hydrological model calculations of the root zone and shallow subsoil. Weather stations and soil moisture sensors were installed at...
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Mainstream Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Into Agriculture in the Southern Caucasus
This study contributes to the agriculture sector climate change impact assessment and adaptation and mitigation strategy identification and evaluation. The study encompasses the three countries of the Southern Caucasus region: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. The project also includes components for capacity building among in-country staff, and support of the World...
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Monitoring of Glacier, Climate and Runoff in the Hindu – Kush Himalayan Mountains
For this project a review was conducted of current state of knowledge in (i) climate change datasets and downscaling used for glacier and high mountain modelling, (ii) glacier and snow contribution to river runoff in the Hindu – Kush Himalayan (HKH) region, (iii) hydrological modelling studies used for glacier and...
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Assessment of the Irrigation Potential in Nile Countries in Central Africa
In order to fill gaps in the Nile Basin Initiative and member country information bases on agricultural water use the irrigation potential of seven Nile countries was assessed. This project consisted of several consecutive steps, in which hydrological modelling, the use of remote sensed data, ArcGIS analyses, consultation workshops and...
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Irrigation Potential Lake Victoria, Tanzania
A study was undertaken to evaluate and rank five potential irrigation schemes in the Tanzania part of the Lake Victoria Basin. The study focused on the following five thematic areas: (i) land suitability, (ii) water resources assessment, (iii) water requirements, (iv) environmental considerations, and (v) institutional aspects.
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Remote Sensing and Hydrological Modelling of the Rio Bravo, Aguascalientes and Central Northern Valleys
The project has shown how modern analytical tools such Remote Sensing, GIS and simulation models can help to swiftly obtain data to support the water management decision making process. A diagnosis of the Rio Bravo and Northern Central Aquifers has been made to demonstrate management options as well as how...
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Adaptation to Climate Change for Agriculture in The Gambia
Methodology Development of adaptation benefit-cost framework: The framework was developed in a manner to make it possible to isolate development- and climate-related benefits and costs of individual projects and to assess the sensitivity of adaptation benefits and costs to the uncertainty inherent in regional climate change scenarios. Development of analytical tools and procedures: The project...
